Explain the features and characteristics and an application of types of DC MOTORS

Series motor:

A DC motor relies on the fact that like magnet poles repels and unlike magnetic poles attracts each other. A coil of wire with a current running through it generates an electromagnetic field aligned with the center of the coil. By switching the current on or off in a coil its magnetic field can be switched on or off or by switching the direction of the current in the coil the direction of the generated magnetic field can be switched 180°. A simple DC motor typically has a stationary set of magnets in the stator and an armature with a series of two or more windings of wire wrapped in insulated stack slots around iron pole pieces.

Construction of Series DC Motor

Construction wise this motor is similar to any other types of dc motors in almost all aspects. It consists of all the fundamental components like the stator housing the field winding or the rotor carrying the armature conductors, and the other vital parts like the commutation or the brush segments all attached in the proper sequence as in the case of a generic DC motor.

Yet if we are to take a close look into the wiring of the field and armature coils of this dc motor, it’s clearly distinguishable from the other members of this type. To understand that let us revert back into the above mentioned basic fact, that the motor has field coil connected in series to the armature winding. For this reason relatively higher current flows through the field coils, and its designed accordingly as mentioned below.

-The field coils of dc series motor are wound with relatively fewer turns as the current through the field is its armature current and hence for required mmf less numbers of turns are required.

-The wire is heavier, as the diameter is considerable increased to provide minimum electrical resistance to the flow of full armature current.

The DC or direct current motor works on the principal, when a current carrying conductor is placed in a magnetic field; it experiences a torque and has a tendency to move. This is known as motoring action. If the direction of current in the wire is reversed, the direction of rotation also reverses. When magnetic field and electric field interact they produce a mechanical force, and based on that the working principle of dc motor established.

Brushless DC motor

Brushless DC motor, also known as electronically commutated motors, are synchronous motors that are powered by a DC electric source via an integrated inverter/switching power supply. The rotor part of a brushless motor is often a permanent magnet synchronous motor, but can also be a switched reluctance motor, or induction motor.

 Brushless motors may be described as stepper motors; however, the term stepper motor tends to be used for motors that are designed specifically to be operated in a mode where they are frequently stopped with the rotor in a defined angular position.

Typical brushless DC motors use a rotating permanent magnet in the rotor, and stationary electrical current/coil magnets on the motor housing for the stator, but the symmetrical opposite is also possible. A motor controller converts DC to AC. This design is simpler than that of brushed motors because it eliminates the complication of transferring power from outside the motor to the spinning rotor. Advantages of brushless motors include long life span, little or no maintenance, and high efficiency. Disadvantages include high initial cost, and more complicated motor speed controllers. Some such brushless motors are sometimes referred to as "synchronous motors" although they have no external power supply to be synchronized with, as would be the case with normal AC synchronous motors.

Explain the features, characteristics and application of two different types of AC motor

AC motors operate with two rotating magnetic fields on the rotor and stator respectively. Pulling or pushing the poles of the two magnetic fields along, the speed of the stator rotating magnetic field and the speed of the rotor rotating magnetic field, which is relative to the speed of the mechanical shaft, must maintain synchronism for average torque production by satisfying the synchronous speed relation. Otherwise, asynchronously rotating magnetic fields would produce pulsating or non-average torque.

The two main types of AC motors are classified as induction and synchronous.

The induction motor always relies on a small difference in speed between the stator rotating magnetic field and the rotor shaft speed called slip to induce rotor current in the rotor AC winding. As a result, the induction motor cannot produce torque about synchronous speed where induction is irrelevant or ceases to exist.

In contrast, the synchronous motor does not rely on slip-induction for operation and uses either permanent magnets, salient poles, or an independently excited rotor winding. The synchronous motor produces its rated torque at exactly synchronous speed. The brushless wound rotor doubly fed synchronous motor system has an independently excited rotor winding that does not rely on the principles of slip induction of current. The brushless wound rotor doubly fed motor is a synchronous motor that can function exactly at the supply frequency or sub to super multiple of the supply frequency.

Single-phase induction motor

Three-phase motors produce a rotating magnetic field. However, when only single-phase power is available, the rotating magnetic field must be produced using other means.

A common single-phase motor is the shaded-pole motor and is used in devices requiring low starting torque, such as electric fans or the drain pump of washing machines and dishwashers or in other small household appliances. In this motor, small single-turn copper create the moving magnetic field. Part of each pole is encircled by a copper coil or strap; the induced current in the strap opposes the change of flux through the coil. This causes a time lag in the flux passing through the shading coil, so that the maximum field intensity moves across the pole face on each cycle. This produces a low level rotating magnetic field which is large enough to turn both the rotor and its attached load. As the rotor picks up speed the torque builds up to its full level as the principal magnetic field is rotating relative to the rotating rotor. Another common single-phase AC motor is the split-phase induction motor, commonly used in major appliances such as air conditioners and clothes dryers. Compared to the shaded pole motor, these motors can generally provide much greater starting torque.

 A capacitor start motor is a split-phase induction motor with a starting capacitor inserted in series with the startup winding, creating an LC circuit which produces a greater phase shift and so, a much greater starting torque than both split-phase and shaded pole motors. The capacitor naturally adds expense to such motors.

                           

Poly-phase synchronous motors

If connections to the rotor coils of a three-phase motor are taken out on slip-rings and fed a separate field current to create a continuous magnetic field, the result is called a synchronous motor because the rotor will rotate synchronously with the rotating magnetic field produced by the poly-phase electrical supply. Another synchronous motor system is the brushless wound-rotor doubly-fed synchronous motor system with an independently excited rotor multiphase AC winding set that may experience slip-induction beyond synchronous speeds but like all synchronous motors, does not rely on slip-induction for torque production.

Nowadays, synchronous motors are frequently driven by transistorized variable-frequency drives. This greatly eases the problem of starting the massive rotor of a large synchronous motor. They may also be started as induction motors using a squirrel-cage winding that shares the common rotor: once the motor reaches synchronous speed, no current is induced in the squirrel-cage winding so it has little effect on the synchronous operation of the motor, aside from stabilizing the motor speed on load changes.

One use for this type of motor is its use in a power factor correction scheme. They are referred to as synchronous condensers. This exploits a feature of the machine where it consumes power at a leading power factor when its rotor is over excited. It thus appears to the supply to be a capacitor, and could thus be used to correct the lagging power factor that is usually presented to the electric supply by inductive loads. The excitation is adjusted until a near unity power factor is obtained. Machines used for this purpose are easily identified as they have no shaft extensions. Synchronous motors are valued in any case because their power factor is much better than that of induction motors, making them preferred for very high power applications.

Explain the features, characteristics and an application of one type of AC GENERATOR

The AC Generators are devices that change the mechanic power to AC electric power by magnetic coal rotary on inside a copper wires causing generating electrical power.

An alternator is an electrical generator that converts mechanical energy to electrical energy in the form of alternating current. For reasons of cost and simplicity, most alternators use a rotating magnetic field with a stationary armature. Occasionally, a linear alternator with a stationary magnetic field is used. In principle, any AC electrical generator can be called an alternator, but usually the term refers to small rotating machines driven by automotive and other internal combustion engines. An alternator that uses a permanent magnet for its magnetic field is called a magneto. Alternators in power stations driven by steam turbines are called turbo-alternators.

Principle

A conductor moving relative to a magnetic field develops an electromotive force, (Faraday's Law). This EMF (Electromotive force) reverses its polarity when it moves under magnetic poles of opposite polarity. Typically, a rotating magnet, called the rotor turns within a stationary set of conductors wound in coils on an iron core, called the stator. The field cuts across the conductors, generating an induced EMF (electromotive force), as the mechanical input causes the rotor to turn.

The rotating magnetic field induces an AC voltage in the stator windings. Since the currents in the stator windings vary in step with the position of the rotor, an alternator is a synchronous generator.

Characteristics

Alternators are rated according to the voltage they are designed to produce and the maximum current they are capable of providing. The maximum current that can be supplied by an alternator depends upon the maximum heating loss that can be sustained in the armature. This heating loss acts to heat the conductors, and if excessive, destroys the insulation. Thus, alternators are rated in terms of this current and in terms of the voltage output the alternator rating in small units is in volt amperes; in large units it is kilovolt-amperes.

When an alternator leaves the factory, it is already destined to do a very specific job. The speed at which it is designed to rotate, the voltage it will produce, the current limits, and other operating characteristics are built in. This information is usually stamped on a nameplate on the case so that the user will know the limitations.

Compare the application of a DC and AC motor for two contrasting modern electrical installations.

An electric motor is an electrical machine that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy. The reverse of this would be the conversion of mechanical energy into electrical energy and is done by an electric generator.

In normal motoring mode, most electric motors operate through the interaction between an electric motor's magnetic field and winding currents to generate force within the motor. In certain APPLICATIONS, such as in the transportation industry with traction motors, electric motors can operate in both motoring and generating or braking modes to also produce electrical energy from mechanical energy.

AC Motors are commonly run by an AC variable frequency drive, an AC electric motor operates by applying alternating current (AC) power to the electric motor. An AC electric motor consists of several parts but the main parts are the stator and rotor. In the other hand, DC Motors DC electric motors are powered from direct current (DC) power and are mechanically commutated machines. DC electric motors have a voltage induced rotating armature winding, and a non-rotating armature field frame winding that is a static field, or permanent magnet.

The AC electric motor’s stator has coils that are supplied with the alternating current and produces a rotating magnetic field. The AC electric motor’s rotor rotates inside the electric motor’s coils and is attached to an output shaft that produces torque by the rotating magnetic field. There are two different types of AC electric motors and each of them uses a different type of rotor. The first type of AC motor is called an induction motor (also known as an asynchronous motor).

DC electric motors use different motor connections of the field and armature winding to produce different speed and torque regulation. Unlike AC electric motors, DC electric motor speed can be controlled within the winding by changing the voltage applied to the DC motor armature, or by adjusting the field frame current.

An induction motor uses a magnetic field on the rotor of an induction motor that’s created by an induced current. The other type of AC motor is called a synchronous motor and rotates precisely at the supply frequency or on a sub-multiple of the supply frequency.

Most DC electric motors today are manufactured to be controlled with industrial electronic DC drives. DC electric motors are still used in many APPLICATIONS across the globe such as paper producing machines, and steel mill rolling machines.

AC and DC Motors DC motors are usually seen in applications where the motor speed needs to be externally controlled. AC motors work best in applications where power performance is sought for extended periods of time. All DC motors are single phase, but AC motors can be single phase or three phase.

AC and DC motors use the same principle of using an armature winding and magnetic field except with DC motors, the armature rotates while the magnetic field doesn’t rotate. In AC motors the armature does not rotate and the magnetic field CONTINUOUSLY rotates.

In some applications today, DC electric motors are replaced by combining an AC electric motor with an electronic SPEED CONTROLLER, known as variable frequency drives. DC electric motors are replaced with an AC electric motor and an electronic speed controller because it is a more economical and less expensive solution.

Found in applications as diverse as industrial fans, blowers and pumps, machine tools, household appliances, power tools, and disk drives, electric motors can be powered by direct current (DC) sources, such as from batteries, motor vehicles or rectifiers, or by alternating current (AC) sources, such as from the power grid, inverters or generators. Small motors may be found in electric watches. General-purpose motors with highly standardized dimensions and characteristics provide convenient mechanical power for industrial use. The largest of electric motors are used for ship propulsion, pipeline compression and pumped-storage applications with ratings reaching 100 megawatts. Electric motors may be classified by electric power source type, internal construction, application, type of motion output, and so on.

The difference between AC and DC electric car motors, and which one will work best:

Direct current (DC) motors are the most popular choice for EV conversions, for a few good reasons. First, they are the least expensive and most readily available, and has enough power for a small or medium-sized car.

The DC Series electric motors are known for their high torque capacity from standstill. While combustion-style engines lack power when getting started, Applications such as diesel locomotive traction motors and drill motors (both of which are usually DC electric) help illustrate this feature. While torque is considered a benefit, though, continuous hill-climbing high-load driving with a DC motor is not ideal; AC motors do this much better. This is because DC motors have permanent magnets mounted on the inner surface of the motor housing. These magnets are able to provide high torque, but they don’t transmit heat well, leading to heat buildup in the windings.  DC continuous operating horse power is substantially less than peak horse power (HP).

Alternating current (AC) motors aren't used in DIY electric cars nearly as often as DC motors; it isn't because they don’t perform well. On the contrary, AC motors is better in many ways — including continuous power for hill climbing, regenerative braking, wide range, light weight and overall power. AC motors just tend to be a lot more expensive than DC. Why it’s so expensive? A few reasons why it’s expensive are: one of which is the fancy converter system that changes the direct current coming out of EV batteries into an alternating current. Another is the sophisticated exchange system that allows for regenerative braking. As mentioned previously, AC motors are more efficient, and when combined with regenerative braking they are a clear winner for distance applications.

The speed of DC motors is controlled using pulse width modulation (PWM), a technique of rapidly pulsing the power on and off. The percentage of time spent cycling the on/off ratio determines the speed of the motor, e.g. if the power is cycled at 50% (half on, half off), then the motor will spin at half the speed of 100% (fully on). Each pulse is so rapid that the motor appears to be continuously spinning with no stuttering.

Risk Assessment and Controlling Hazards

Justify the methods used in industry to deal with hazards, with regards to legal requirements.

Hazards exist in every workplace, but how do you know which ones have the most potential to harm workers?

The hierarchy of risk control is a system of control measures used to eliminate or reduce exposure to hazards, which has five levels of control measures. It is used when undertaking a risk assessment, to decide on which precautions are needed to control the risks posed by the hazards.

The most effective measure is at the top of the hierarchy and the least effective is at the bottom. So the idea is that you start from the top of the hierarchy in choosing your control measures, and work your way down. In most cases a combination of control measures from the hierarchy are chosen to effectively reduce the risk posed by a hazard. The hierarchy of risk control is useful in determining which control measures are appropriate. The most effective control to deal with a hazard is to eliminate it, but that is not always possible. Some hazards cannot be eliminated. So, the aim of implementing the hierarchy of risk control is to get as many control measures in place so that the risk from a hazard is reduced "as low as reasonably practicable".

1.Eliminate the Hazard The best way to control a hazard is to eliminate it. This can be achieved by making changes to the work process so that the task is no longer carried out, or by physically removing the hazard altogether. Elimination is the most effective way to control hazards and should be used whenever possible. However, it can also be the most difficult to implement, especially if the process is still at the design or development stage. For example, dangerous machinery is often required, and while it can be made safer, it can't be eliminated.

2. Substitute One Risk for a Lesser One Substitution is the second most effective method for controlling hazards. It is similar to elimination but involves the substitution of one risk for another. For example, one hazardous chemical could be swapped for one with less risk. However, for substitution to be effective, the new replacement must not produce greater hazard. Another type of substitution involves using the same chemical, but in a

different form; for example, a chemical in its powder form can be more hazardous (inhalation hazard) than in its pellet form.

3. Isolate the Hazard From the Person at Risk Isolation involves separating the hazard in time or space from the person or persons at risk. This can be achieved by isolating the hazard through containment or enclosure. These methods aim to keep the hazard in and the worker out.

4. Use Engineering Controls If a hazard cannot be eliminated nor isolated and a safer substitute cannot be found, the next best approach is the use of engineering controls. Engineering controls are implemented by making changes to the design of an equipment or process to minimize its hazard. Although engineering controls are the most expensive solution, they provide the advantage of reducing future cost. The two basic types of engineering controls are process control and ventilation. Process control involves changing the way a job activity or process is performed to reduce hazards. Ventilation is a method of control that adds and removes air in the work environment.

5. Use Administrative Controls If engineering controls cannot be implemented, administrative controls should be considered. However, because they do not actually remove or reduce the hazards, they are less effective in comparison to other control measures in the hierarchy. There are usually also many difficulties associated with the implementation and maintenance of control measures. Administrative controls involve making changes to the way in which people work and promoting safe work practices via education and training. Administrative controls may involve training employees in operating procedures, good housekeeping practices, emergency response in the event of incidents such as fire or employee injury, and personal hygiene practices such as the washing of hands after contact with hazardous materials.

6. Use Personal Protection This is the least effective method of controlling hazards because of the high potential that personal protective equipment (PPE) will become damaged. If PPE is inadequate or fails, the worker is not protected. PPE can also often be uncomfortable, which can place an additional physical burden on the worker. Therefore, PPE should only be used in combination with other control measures from the hierarchy or if there are no other more effective ways to control the hazard. Examples of personal protective equipment include respirators, gloves, protective clothing, hard hats, goggles and ear plugs. By identifying hazards at your workplace, you will be better prepared to control or eliminate them and prevent accidents, injuries, property damage and downtime.

Accurately identifying, assessing, and controlling hazards is an essential part of a properly functioning occupational health and safety program. The health and safety regulation act 1974 will help employers and managers to improve their health and safety performance. They will learn effective and proven methods of hazard identification, assessment, and control.

A very common method used to deal with hazards is risk assessment. A risk assessment is a systematic process of looking at work activities, considering all the hazards possible and deciding on suitable control measures to prevent loss, damage or injuries in the workshop. It shows whether you have taken enough precautions and shows you what more needs to be done to ensure that the workplace has safe environment.

The risk assessment is required by law as it lies under the health and safety at work regulations 1999, which lies under the legislation health and safety at work etc. 1974. A risk assessment is performed by a governing body which comes to the workplace, known as the health and safety executive {HSE}.

Due to the existence of electricity inside the engineering workshop, it will be necessary to protect the worker and he visitors from the hazards caused by electricity. Electricity is a major hazard - not only can it kill directly, through shocks, it can also cause fires and explosions. So these regulations aim to impose duties to limit the risks involved in using electricity at work.

The manager or employer should Carries on the responsibility of protecting the staff and visitors inside his workshop from the hazards and that is applied under Electricity at work regulations 1989, therefore the employer should provide the suitable equipment for his employee and visitors to reduce the electrical hazards.

During the work some accident could be happen so the employer and the employee should be ready to carry on that accident and disposition as fast as possible to reduce the hazard which hit someone inside the workplace. That is apply to Health and Safety (First Aid) Regulations 1981 the manager should provide the specific lessons to his employee to let them know what should they do if any accident happen inside the workshop.

Give training to the staff would reduce the hazard dramatically and that give guarantee to the manager that he have employees subliminal for what they have to do to eliminate the hazard as much as possible between the comings of responsible authorities.

the employer or manager should know what kind substances he have inside his workshop and if its might cause harm for the visitors or workers that is apply for Control of Substances Hazardous to Health Regulations 2002 (COSHH), the workshop is a place contains too many different kinds of substances and there is some substances could causes hazards and the manager should take that as a serious issue because this substances might cause death when exposure to these substances. The COSHH is include the substances such as chemicals products containing, chemicals, fumes, dusts, vapours, mists, nanotechnology, gases and asphyxiating gases and biological agents (germs).

principles of reporting and recording accidents and incidents

The accident is an unplanned or uncontrolled event which has led to or could have led to injury to people, damage to plant, machinery or the environment

 or cause some other losses.

The accident and the incident is something that could happen in any engineering workplace or organization during the work. The worker is more amenability for the accident because they are more presence in the workplaces than the visitors and the employer. In order of that the reporting and recording accident and incident become too much important for the engineering organization to have the health and safety reporting system, especially when that reporting is underpin from the RIDDOR which puts duties on employers, the self-employed and people in control of work premises (the Responsible Person) to report certain serious workplace accidents, occupational diseases and specified dangerous occurrences.

RIDDOR is the law that requires employers, and other people in charge of work premises, to report and keep records of: work-related accidents which cause deaths, work-related accidents which cause certain serious injuries, diagnosed cases of, certain industrial diseases; and certain dangerous occurrences.

The events above must be reported to the relevant enforcing authority, either the local authority's Environmental Health dept. or the Health and Safety Executive (HSE), without delay.

If any accident happen in any workplace that’s call to make a report for the (HSE) about that incident, so that in any engineering organization need a reporting system to limit the costs after this accident which are not only limited to the human damage but also on the workplace property. Only responsible persons including employers, the self-employed 
and people in control of work premises should submit 
reported under RIDDOR.

The information provided through recording and reporting enables the enforcing authorities either Health and Safety Executive (HSE) or local authority Environmental Health, to identify where and how risks arise, and to investigate serious accidents.

And in the end must Alia say that the HSE and local authority enforcement officers are not an emergency service it’s just who is responsible to for the accident and incident recording and reporting.

Controlling Hazards 2

A control measure is necessary in any workplace to prevent the hazards around the worker and the employer so we have to classification the hazards from the greater hazardous to the less hazardous and there is some work mistake is not accepted because it might cause a serious danger for the people in the workshop.

In an engineering workshop there are many possible hazards to take care for, so that the employer should be alert for any hazard could maybe happen.

It is a necessity that workers know the importance of cleaning the workplace. For example, drop some oil on the floor and leave it without cleaning can causes injure and harm for the people who passed from the oily area so that the employer should tell his employees about the necessary of cleaning the workplace floor.

In every engineering workshop there is the pillar drill and the pillar drill might be a hazard if we didn’t take health and safety into account. For example, the employer should make a Wide distance for the worker who working with the pillar drill and the yellow line could help in order to protect the employee from any push by mistake.

The fires is a normal hazard and it could be happen in everywhere specially in engineering workplace because they use flammable material, so that the employer should ensure that is the fire alarm and the fire exits are ready to use in any emergency moment.

When there is too much wires connecting to the machines that is calls to make a specific area to the wires extension because sometimes the worker or visitors can step on the wire if the wires are scattered.

When appointment of a new employee the employer should make for him/her a training program to teach him/her the important of taking into account the health and safety and learn him/her how to prevent the hazards during he/she doing his/her job.

The personal protect equipment is a something maybe the employee could ignore it so the employer should insure that all the employees are using the PPE correctly and they didn’t ignore this necessary to protect him/herself.

Controlling Hazards

A hazard is anything that may cause harm or injury. A control measure is any measure taken to eliminate or reduce the risk of injury or bodily harm when the workers doing them job and treating with equipment might cause harm for himself and for anybody around him. Control measures include actions that can be taken to reduce the potential of exposure to the hazard, or the control measure could be to remove the hazard or to reduce the likelihood of the risk of the exposure to that hazard being realized. A simple control measure would be the secure guarding of moving parts of machinery eliminating the potential for contact.

Electricity can kill or severely injure people and cause damage to property. All these accidents are reported to the Health and Safety Executive (HSE). However, you can take simple precautions when working with or near electricity and electrical equipment to significantly reduce the risk of injures your workers and others around you.

Whenever possible consider the best way to control a hazard is to apply the control at the source of the hazard. The ultimate control is actual removal of the hazard from the workplace. Controls the hazards do not exactly remove the hazard, but provide information’s to alert the worker that a hazard exists.

Controls at the worker include personal protective equipment (PPE), training in safe work ways, administrative procedures and disciplinary actions. Controls at the worker may be subject to human mistake and should be considered the last alternative in a list of hazard controls, especially in the case of PPE For example, sometimes workers don’t wear their PPE correctly and that sometimes make the controlling hazards more difficult and hard to Implementation.

The basic element of any management program for PPE should be an in depth evaluation of the equipment needed to protect against the hazards at the workplace. The evaluation should be used to set a standard operating procedure for personnel, and then train employees on the protective limitations of the PPE, and on its proper use and maintenance.

Using PPE requires hazard awareness and training on the part of the user. Employees must be aware that the equipment does not eliminate the hazard. If the equipment fails, exposure will occur. To reduce the possibility of failure, equipment must be properly fitted and maintained in a clean and serviceable condition.

Administrative controls, administrative controls include adopting standard operating procedures or safe work practices or providing appropriate training, instruction or information to reduce the potential for harm and adverse health effects to persons. Isolation and permit to work procedures are examples of administrative controls.

Those using or working with electricity may not be the only ones at risk. Everyone around the worker who treating with the electricity is amenability to the burning dangerous because of Short circuit during the worker do his job. In order of that there are too many precincts to controlling these hazards for example, choose equipment that is suitable for its working environment, make sure that equipment is safe when supplied and that it is then maintained in a safe condition and make sure that equipment is safe when supplied and that it is then maintained in a safe condition.

All electrical equipment, including portable equipment and installations, should be maintained to prevent danger; this is a requirement of the Electricity at Work Regulations 1989. These Regulations state principles of electrical safety and apply to all electrical systems and equipment.

There is an increased risk of this happening if the equipment isn't used correctly, isn't suitable for the job, or is used in a harsh environment.

More complicated tasks, such as equipment repairs or alterations to an electrical installation, should only be carried out by people with knowledge of the risks and the precautions needed.

You must not allow work on or near exposed, live parts of equipment unless it is absolutely unavoidable and suitable precautions have been taken to prevent injury, both to the workers and to anyone else who may be in the area.

Overhead power lines, over half of the fatal electrical accidents each year are caused by contact with overhead lines. When working near overhead lines, it may be possible to have them switched off if the owners are given enough notice. If this cannot be done, consult the owners about the safe working distance from the cables.

Risk Assessment

Prepare a detailed, weighted Risk assessment for drilling operations in an engineering workshop.

What are the hazards?	Who might be harmed and how?	What are you already doing?	Do you need to do anything else to manage risk?	Action by whom?
Somebody drop oil on the floor, and he didn’t clean it.	Anybody will pass from the oily floor he/she might slip and harm him/herself.	No action.	realization the employees about necessity of clean the floor if anything droop on it	Employer.
There wasn’t any yellow safety line had put around the workplace of the pillar drill.	The worker who using the pillar drill might anybody push him by mistake and he will injure himself.	No action.	Put a yellow safety line to insure that all the workers are safe.	Employees.
The fire alarm is not working.	If any fire started and the fire alarm didn’t responding everybody inside the workshop will be In a serious danger.	Nothing.	Make a contract with an alarm company to check your workshop alarms are Responding well.	Employer.
High air pressure in the pipe machines that use the Compressed air.	Maybe the air pipe exploded and harms everybody inside the workplace.	Nothing.	close the air Spout after finished from the machines which work on the -Compressed air	Employees.
Not putting the eye protect when using the welding tool.	The employee who use the welding tools without the eye protecting maybe he will lose his eyesight.	Nothing.	Make sure that all employees have a knowledge about the important of putting the personal protect equipment.	Employer.
Put the heavy equipment in high places.	It might fall down and harm anybody standing there.	Nothing.	Put all equipment in a specific place to insure no equipment is going to fall down.	Employer and employees.
The scattered wires.	The wires might break if anybody runs over the wire.	Nothing.	Bring a wire cover then, put all of it inside it and make for the wires a specific pass line.	Employees and employer.
The new staff.	He/she will be dangerous for everybody inside the workshop.	Nothing.	Make sure that is the new staff got enough training.	employer